
Search Results
Stratifying Patient Immune Endotypes in Sepsis (SPIES Study)
This is a continuation of an ongoing study (also called SPIES Study) which has previously been approved by the UMN IRB. We are now transferring to a central IRB at UFL following funding from the NIH. Description below: Prolonged hospitalization, secondary infections, sepsis recidivism and hospital readmission are the most common long-term consequences in sepsis survivors, but we have only limited means to diagnose immunosuppressed endotype. Here we propose to validate an ELISpot assay as an optimal biomarker to early diagnose immunosuppression, and to ex vivo test potential immune stimulants for subsequent clinical development.
• Adults age 45 and older
• Ability to obtain Informed Consent prior to blood collection.
• Current, chronic steroid use
• Pregnancy
• Current or recent (within 7 days) use of antibiotics.
Stratifying Patient Immune Endotypes in Sepsis (SPIES Study)
• Adults age 45 and older
• Ability to obtain Informed Consent prior to blood collection.
• Current, chronic steroid use
• Pregnancy
• Current or recent (within 7 days) use of antibiotics.
Validation of the Autism Diagnostic Interview: 3rd Edition
The goal of this study is to support the validation of a revision to the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R). The ADI-R is a highly validated diagnostic tool used in clinical assessments for autism spectrum disorder and widely used in research for participant characterization and inclusion. Aims: 1. To explore the validity of the ADI-3 (concurrent validity with ADI-R and other autism instruments; predictive validity with best estimate clinical diagnosis). 2. To explore the reliability of the ADI-3 (interrater, test-retest, internal consistency) 3. To derive diagnostic algorithms that better match DSM-5 criteria and maximize sensitivity and specificity 4. To ensure that changes (e.g., reduced length, new format to codes) yield sufficient information to inform diagnoses.
• ages 1 to 17 who have an adult (parent or caregiver) who is also willing to participate
• able to read and communicate in English
• Autism group: children with a previous diagnosis or concern about autism
• Non-autism group: children with or without a previous diagnosis or concern about another developmental or psychiatric condition
• significant visual or auditory impairments that would make it difficult to complete standard testing
• severe mental illness or medical condition that is not currently managed and would interfere with the completion of the testing
Save the Bottoms!!!: Assessing the Gay Male Experience with Anal Cancer Prevention Strategies
The purpose of this study is to describe current knowledge and opinions about anal cancer screening among men who have sex with men (MSM), as well as their experience receiving guideline-compliant care aimed at anal cancer risk reduction using a large-scale survey disseminated via social media.
• 18 years of age or older
• AMAB (Assigned Male at Birth)
• Current resident of the U.S.
• Engage in receptive anal intercourse with male partners
• Fluent in English or Spanish
The effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol on DNA damage in the oral cavity
The purpose of this study to examine the effects of cigarette smoking and drinking alcohol on the formation of DNA damage in the mouth. The overall goal is to identify DNA damage that may be important to the development of cancer.
• Daily cigarette smoker
• 21 years of age or older
• Non-drinkers and alcohol drinkers
Microbiome Influences on Nursery Nasal Environment-Longitudinal Observations of Viral Epidemiology
The purpose of this study is to understand how the respiratory microbiota influence the outcome of respiratory viral infections in children. Observational cohort study of children with low- and high-risk exposure to respiratory pathogens with longitudinal sample and data collection
Dissecting the role of acetaldehyde in oral carcinogenesis
The goal of this study is to better understand how drinking alcohol may lead to oral cancers. Acetaldehyde, a chemical formed when the body breaks down alcohol, is believed to play an important role. This study will measure acetaldehyde and DNA damage levels in the mouth of participants after a low dose of alcohol. The levels will be compared between three groups, all having different degrees of risk for developing oral cancer, in order to identify DNA damage that might be crucial to cancer formation.
• 21 to 45 years of age alcohol drinker
• Experiences flushing (reddening or warming of face) when you drink OR have Fanconi Anemia
• 18 to 45 years of age non-drinkers
• Tobacco or nicotine users
TMS x DPX
We will examine whether the benefits of brain stimulation on mental functioning can be enhanced if an individual is actively engaging the target brain networks while receiving brain stimulation. The study includes two separate sessions and people will complete either a cognitive task or a perceptual task while we are measuring the change in brain function with EEG. Please fill out the linked screening questionnaire to determine if you are eligible.
• age 18 to 65
• diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder
• potential contraindications to EEG (e.g. visible scalp abrasions, non-removable hair extensions and/or hair styling that would impede proper EEG recording)
• potential contraindication to TMS (as identified by the TMS safety screener)
• any previous adverse reaction to TMS or MRI
• diagnosed with epilepsy or previously experienced a seizure
• diagnosed with a neurological condition, such as stroke or tinnitus
• experienced a head trauma that was diagnosed as concussion
• current use of, or recent withdrawal from, medications that can increase the risk of seizure
• currently pregnant
• any metal in the head (excluding mouth) or have an implanted medical device
Building Resilience in Adrenoleukodystrophy with Imaging and Neuropsychology (BRAIN)
This is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study involving data collection regarding performance of children with ALD and typically developing (TD)children on neurocognitive testing and collection of neuroimaging data. The first goal of this study is to understand more about how ALD affects a child’s brain and development in childhood as they take part in their normal medical care and monitoring. This is important to identifying the best ways to detect and treat manifestations of ALD such as cerebral ALD. The second goal is to learn about how ALD affects caregivers, so that clinicians can offer better support to families in the future.
• Male
• 3-15 years old
• History of a genetic, neurological, or neurodevelopmental disorder affecting brain development
• History of significant brain insult, infection or injury.
A Phase 1/2a Open-Label Dose-Ranging and Observer-Blind Placebo-Controlled, Safety and Immunogenicity Study of mRNA-1647 Cytomegalovirus Vaccine in Female and Male Participants 9 to 15 Years of Age and Participants 16 to 25 Years of Age; mRNA-1647-P104
This is a Phase 1/2a, open-label, dose-ranging and randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study of an investigational vaccine, mRNA-1647, in healthy pre-adolescent and adolescent CMV-seronegative and CMV-seropositive female and male participants (females and males ages 9-15 years and female participants 16-25 years).CMV is a common virus that can spread easily through an infected person’s saliva or other body fluids such as blood, urine, and breast milk. About 4 out of 10 teenagers in the United States are infected with CMV by the time they reach 19 years of age. It is unusual for a CMV infection in a healthy person to make you sick, but when it does, symptoms may include fever, muscles aches all over the body, moderate to severe tiredness (fatigue), sore throat or swelling at back of throat, and/or swollen neck glands. CMV-seronegative means you have never been infected with and CMV-seropositive means you have had an infection with CMV at some point. The primary aim will be to evaluate the safety and efficacy (how well it works) of different dose levels of mRNA-1647 in health pre-adolescent and adolescent participants.
• female or male 9 to 15 years of age
• in good general health
• BMI requirements ( study staff will review)
• female participants of childbearing potential: negative pregnancy test and adequate contraception for at least 28 days prior to receiving vaccine through 3 months following vaccine administration
• received, or plans to receive, any nonstudy vaccine less than 28 days prior to or after any study medication
• any diagnosis or condition requiring significant changes in management or medication within the 2 months before starting the study
• contact study staff for review of additional exclusion criteria
Food Parenting Practices on Child Dietary Intake
This research is being done to help better understand the ways parents interact with their children at meal and snack times at different time points during the day and in different circumstances. We want to study how the feeding approaches affect the child’s dietary intake over time. Study participation will be two years with activities every six months.
• Family attends Fairview Primary Care clinic
• Child between 3-5 years of age
• Caregiver has primary responsibility of feeding child outside of childcare
• Child must live at least 50% of the time or more with the primary guardian
• Caregiver must be able to speak and read English or Spanish
• Caregiver is less than 18 years of age
• Child is in the foster system
Can spectral power and coherence reflect the integrity of the efferent cerebellar cortical pathway in cerebellar mutism syndrome?
This study will be measuring brain activity using EEG and assessing motor skills and speech in children following cancerous brain tumor resection. No direct cancer treatments or objectives are being targeted.
• Control group: ages 10 years 0 months to 25 years 11 months of age & fluent in English CMS & non CMS Groups
• ages 10 years 0 months to 25 years 11 months of age
• fluent in English (parents/guardian do not need to be fluent in English)
• history of resection of posterior fossa tumor at least 2 years before starting the study
• with or without diagnosis of cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS)
• at least 3 months post chemotherapy and radiation treatment
• Control group: any developmental conditions including ADD/ADHD, learning disabilities, speech/language delay or disorder, motor delay/disorder, cognitive delay and/or diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder
• any genetic condition
• any neurologic condition including history of stroke, seizure disorder, or brain injury
• history of brain tumor or other cancer diagnosis
• CMS Group: any developmental conditions including ADD/ADHD, learning disabilities, speech/language delay or disorder, motor delay/disorder, cognitive delay and/or diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder prior to brain tumor diagnosis
• any genetic condition prior to brain tumor diagnosis
• any neurologic condition including history of stroke, seizure disorder, or brain injury disorder prior to brain tumor diagnosis
Transdiagnostic Cognitive Biomarkers
The overall objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of identifying transdiagnostic biomarkers of cognitive function mediated by neuromodulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that are translatable across disease groups in order to more accurately phenotype clusters of cognitive dysfunction. Completing behavioral paradigms with electrophysiology and TMS is a challenging frontier. This study focuses on the feasibility of such an endeavor for those with chronic pain or depression as well as healthy controls.
• chronic pain that is not controlled with oral pain medications or
• diagnosis of major depression
• Healthy participants: adults at least 18 years old
• Metallic hardware in close contact to the discharging coil (such as cochlear implants, deep brain stimulator, medication pumps)
• History of seizures
• Epilepsy
• Contraindications to MRI
• Inability to complete tasks associated with study
• Pregnancy
• Pediatric participants
• Adult lacking ability to consent
• Non-English speaking
• Blindness Healthy Controls:
• diagnosis of chronic pain or depression
Lifestyle Counseling and Medication for Adolescent Weight Management (QUEST)
This study will compare the effectiveness and durability of intensive behavioral counseling vs. medical management plus low-intensity behavioral counseling on BMI, body fat, cardiometabolic risk factors, and quality of life in adolescents with severe obesity. We hypothesize that Wegovy (semaglutide) plus low-intensity behavioral counseling will elicit superior reductions in BMI (primary efficacy endpoint) and body fat and greater improvement in cardiometabolic factors and quality of life compared to intensive behavioral counseling at 56 weeks.
• ages 12-17
• BMI 35 kg/m2 or more or Body Mass Index 120% or more for 95th percentile for age and sex
• Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes
• use of medications for obesity in the past 6 months
• any treatment with growth hormone
• bariatric surgery -major mental health diagnosis (study staff will review)
• pregnant or plan to become pregnant
• significant medical diagnosis (study staff will review)
Nornicotine in Smokeless Tobacco as a Precursor for Carcinogen Exposure
Smokeless tobacco users who are unable or unwilling to quit tobacco use may be exposed to the potent oral and esophageal carcinogen NNN not only from tobacco itself, but also via its endogenous synthesis from nornicotine. The proposed study will lead to an understanding of the endogenous formation of NNN from nornicotine in humans, and will also investigate the effect of the reduction of nornicotine content in smokeless tobacco on the extent of endogenous NNN formation. The knowledge gained in this study will lead to the development of recommendations for the regulation, or potentially elimination, of nornicotine in smokeless tobacco products in order to minimize exposure to NNN in the users of these products.
• ages 18 to 65
• smokeless tobacco user of at least 3 tins of product per week for 6 months
• used the same brand for greater than 80% of their smokeless tobacco use over the course of at least 6 months, and used this brand exclusively for at least two weeks before starting the study
• not smoking or using any other nicotine or tobacco product in the past 2 weeks
• good physical health (no unstable medical condition) and good general oral health
• good mental health (e.g. not currently, within the past 6 months, experiencing unstable or untreated psychiatric diagnosis, including substance abuse)
• regular smoking or tobacco use (e.g., greater than once a week)
• currently (within the past 2 weeks) using nicotine replacement or other tobacco cessation products
• women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breast feeding
• significant immune system disorders, respiratory diseases, kidney or liver diseases
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in SREC Users
The purpose of this study is to better understand how switching from smoking to the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may change users’ exposures to various harmful chemicals. Your participation will also help us to understand how nicotine that is present in e-cigarettes is taken in and modified by your body.
FAST, RELIABLE, ELECTRICAL UNCONSCIOUS DETECTION
This study includes both healthy controls and individuals with depression. We will collect information about mental health symptoms and ask questions about them, including psychosis (unusual experiences) and suicidal thoughts/acts. Participants will be asked to complete a 4-hour research visit where you sit and complete tasks on a computer while being monitored via an EEG recording and video recording. Additional pre-visit mood check-ins will be sent directly via text, which will include instructions for completion.
• age 18 to 65
• Must be UMN student
• reads/understands English
• have a smartphone compatible with EMA app or willing to use study loaner phone for duration of EMA collection period (optional for initial group)
• ability to travel to research site for in-person visit at M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Medical Center - West Bank
• active military member or DoD personnel
• pregnant or possibility of being pregnant -has been diagnosed with a mental illness (e.g. depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, etc.)
Vasomotor symptoms of menopause and cardiovascular disease: What is the link?
Study to examine the physiological responses that occur during a hot flush in postmenopausal women
• Reported nicotine/tobacco use within the last six months
• Diabetic or asthmatic
• Diagnosed significant carotid stenosis
• History of significant autonomic dysfunction, heart disease, respiratory disease, or severe neurologic condition such as stroke or traumatic brain injury
• Existing metabolic or endocrine abnormalities
• Use of heart/blood pressure medications that are determined to interfere with study outcomes
• Use of oral contraceptives (or other hormonal contraceptives, including intrauterine devices or contraceptive implants) and/or hormone therapy
• Pregnant or breastfeeding
• Unwilling or unable to refrain from consuming caffeine or alcohol in the 12 hours before visit two and three.
• Unwilling or unable to refrain from vigorous exercise (at least 10 minutes in duration) in the 12 hours before visit two or three
• Unwilling or unable to fast in the eight hours before visit two or three
• Body mass index ? 35 kg/m2
Testing for otolith organ dysfunction in gravitational Insecurity
Gravitational insecurity is a condition of life-long balance problems that has been identified by occupational therapists. This study will determine if one source of these problems may be deficiencies in the input from the otolith organs of the inner ear that determine the orientation of the head to gravity. This determination will be made using the psychophysical test of setting a pointer to the visual vertical, which normally depends on otolith organ input.
• Adults 18 to 70 yrs old with and without lifelong balance problems
• Diseases affecting the central nervous system (Parkinson's disease, MS, stroke, epilepsy, brain tumor or history of brain surgery).
• Other exclusions include: balance problems due to hip, knee, or other leg injuries; vestibular migraines; frequent or chronic vertigo (explained as the world seeming to spin around); pregnancy.
Using NIH Toolbox to explore the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and cognitive abilities in patients with PAD
The purpose of this study is to compare the cognitive abilities and memory function of patients with PAD with age-matched individuals without PAD and to determine the association between cognitive and memory function with physical fitness.
• Typical or atypical clinical manifestations of intermittent claudication.
• A resting ABI ? 0.90.
• If resting ABI > 1.40, then a resting toe/brachial index ? 0.70.
• If resting ABI between > 0.91 and < 1.40, but with symptoms suggestive of PAD, then a post exercise ABI decrease from resting value of >30 mm/Hg or a post-exercise ABI decrease of >20% from the resting values.
• Candidates for endovascular revascularization, including balloon dilation (angioplasty), stents and atherectomy of aorto-iliac or femoral-popliteal disease.
• Candidates for surgical revascularization: femoral-popliteal bypass.
• Patients diagnosed with PAD who are receiving Cilostazol or Pentoxifylline
• Patients referred to attend cardiac rehab for treating PAD and have attended less than 2 weeks of sessions.
• A biphasic arterial Doppler velocity tracing in any of the large arteries of the lower extremities.
• Age ? 80 years.
• Heart failure stage > II, liver failure or cancer other than skin cancer.
• eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
• Severe limitations in mobility due to osteomuscular or neuromuscular disorders.
• BMI ? 40 Kg/m2.
• Dementia or other mental disorders that prevent patients from following a research protocol.
• Patients with critical or acute limb ischemia.
• Any acute thromboembolism.
• Patients with unstable angina.
• Significant valvular stenosis, restrictive or obstructive cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial tamponade or other conditions which cardiac output is dependent on venous return.
• Secondary or intractable hypertension.
• Any condition that causes hyponatremia.
• Acute or chronic infections conditions.
Role of Pharmacotherapy in Counteracting Weight Regain in Adolescents with Severe Obesity
In this study we want to find out more about weight loss and how diet and medications can affect weight loss. This study will last for up to 58 weeks. There are two phases to the study: - A weight loss phase with prescribe meals that lasts 6 weeks. - A study medication/placebo phase that lasts up 52 weeks. You will not know if you are receiving the medication or the placebo.
• severe obesity (BMI >/= 120% of the 95th percentile or BMI >/= 35 kg/m2)
• 12 to less than 18 years of age at enrollment
• female participants who are sexually active with males and who are able to get pregnant must agree to use two forms of contraception throughout the trial
• diabetes (type 1 or 2)
• current or recent (< six months prior to enrollment) use of anti-obesity medication(s) (use of naltrexone or bupropion alone is not an exclusion)
• previous metabolic/bariatric surgery
• current use of a stimulant medication
• history of glaucoma
• current or recent (<14 days) use of monoamine oxidase inhibitor
• history of treatment with growth hormone
• history of bulimia nervosa
• major psychiatric disorder
• any history of active suicide attempt
• history of suicidal ideation or self-harm within the previous 30 days
• current pregnancy or plans to become pregnant during study participation
• current tobacco use
• history of cardiac, endocrine, kidney disease (study staff will review)
Closed-Loop TMS Feasibility
• Age between 18 and 65 years
• taking medications known to increase risk of seizure
• currently taking medication to treat seizures
• active substance abuse disorder
• neurological disorders including seizure disorder, anoxia history, history of head injuries with loss of consciousness for greater than 5 minutes
• non-removable hair extensions and or hair styling that would impede proper EEG recording
• current or lifetime diagnosis of psychosis or mania
• historical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or schizophrenia spectrum illness
• suicide attempt (within 90 days of the study visit)
• personal or family history of seizure or epilepsy
• history of brain surgery
The TrialNet Natural History Study of the Development of Type 1 Diabetes
• 2.5 to 45 years old and have an immediate family member with type 1 diabetes (child, parent, or sibling)
• 2.5 to 20 years old who have an extended family member with type 1 diabetes (cousin, niece, nephew, aunt, uncle, grandparent, or half-sibling)
• already have diabetes
• history of being treated with insulin or oral diabetes medications
• using systemic immunosuppressive agents (topical and inhaled agents are acceptable)
• have any known serious diseases
CMRR Healthy Participant Registry
The purpose of this Health Participant Registry is to collect the names, contact information and answers to safety screening questions that assist in the determination of magnetic resonance (MR) compatibility of individuals who have expressed interest in MR research.
• at least 18 years old
• English speaking
• able to have a MRI scan, must complete assessment
• women who are pregnant
Ten Thousand Families Study
The purpose of this study is to study the evolution of early life risk factors that may lead to cancer and other conditions. This is a prospective cohort study of families who reside in Minnesota.
• 1st Participant: 18+ living in MN
• Other family members: All ages and must live in MN, ND, SD, IA, or WI
• Participants ages 0-17 must have a parent consent to their participation and assist with study activities
• Unwilling or unable to provide DNA and blood sample
• Does not have at least 1 living family member in MN IA, ND, SD, or WI
Antimicrobial Stewardship Community Awareness and Acceptance in Minnesota
This is a community-based study engaging diverse Minnesota adults aged >=18 years. The goal is to understand the public's acceptance and awareness of antimicrobial resistance and stewardship efforts and subsequently look at electronic educational methodology to increase antimicrobial stewardship public engagement.
The Lung Cell Study (TLC)
The purpose of our research study is to increase our understanding on the human lung immune response to infection. We aim to use this knowledge to develop novel approaches on the prevention and treatment of lung infections. To accomplish this, we plan to obtain cells from the airways and blood of healthy volunteers to perform immune experiments.
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• Former smokers (quit > 6 months ago) or never smoked, including marijuana
• Between the ages of 18-65 years
• Current or recent illness within the preceding two weeks.
• Presence or prior history of cardiac, pulmonary, or systemic disease
• Bleeding disorder
• Current use of systemic anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy
• Immunocompromised state (HIV infection, immunoglobulin deficiency, use of systemic immunosuppressant medications)
• Use of any inhaled substance, including tobacco, marijuana, e-cigarettes, cocaine, methamphetamines, or toxic vapors in the past six months or greater than ten pack-year smoking history
• Alcohol use disorder;
• Allergy or prior adverse reaction to lidocaine, midazolam, or fentanyl Pregnancy
• Weight less than 110 lbs (for venipuncture)
• Older than 65 years of age
R01HL153613: Comprehensive Proteomic Classifier for the Molecular Characterization of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
This study proposes to collect lung fluid to identify potential biomarkers associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis, and to compare those with healthy controls.
• Age 18-80
• Those living with Sarcoidosis: Contact umnsarc@umn.edu for inclusion/exclusion criteria
• History/Current use of cigarette, e-cigarette, vaping or marijuana smoking
• History/Current use of nicotine products
• Presence of underlying chronic condition
• Inability to undergo procedure using IV sedation
• Weight < 110 lbs. & BMI > 35 kg/m2
• Pregnant and/or breast feeding
• History/Current use of chronic immunosuppressive medications
• Those living with Sarcoidosis: Contact umnsarc@umn.edu for inclusion/exclusion criteria
GLNE 007 Evaluation of Stool Based Markers for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancers and Adenomas
The purpose of this study if to determine if stool or blood can be used to detect colon cancers as early or earlier than colonoscopy. The researchers plan to use these samples to learn about specific proteins (also known as biomarkers) that may indicate colon polyps, colon cancer or an increased risk of developing colon cancer. In order to learn more about preventing and detecting colon and rectal cancer, we are collecting samples from subjects with cancer, adenomas, and colonoscopies who may be at risk for polyps.
• at least 18 years old
• able to tolerate giving a blood specimen of up to 60 cc
• willing to collect 1-2 stool samples and prepare a Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)
• people who have untreated colon cancer OR have previously removed adenomas, OR have a family history of colon cancer OR have a current positive screening stool test in the past 12 months that hasn't been evaluated
• Healthy Controls: have no history of finding polyps, no family history, or negative colorectal cancer screening test (if performed) within past 12 months
• people who have had surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy for their current colorectal cancer or any other cancer
• history or clinically active Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• HIV or chronic active viral hepatitis
• history of cancer in the past 3 years (except minor skin, cervical, or endometrial)
• active chemotherapy or radiation treatment for any purpose
Neuroplasticity in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
REM sleep behavior disorder may predict the eventual symptom development of Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy. This occurs over years to decades and the sleep disorder may hide other typical symptoms and result in a delay in diagnosis. We are studying the changes in the brain over two years. We will do high field MRI’s (7T) and other tests of neurological function of people who have REM sleep disorder and people who don’t have this disorder (matched for age and sex).
• Diagnosis of isolated iRBD confirmed by sleep study
• Able to walk independently without the use of an assistive device (e.g., cane) for at least 50 meters.
• 21 to 75 years old
• Diagnosis of Dementia
• History of musculoskeletal disorders that significant affect movement of lower or upper limbs
• Other significant neurological disorders
• Anti-depressant associated RBD. Individuals will be excluded if their dream enactment emerged or clearly worsened after initiating an antidepressant medication.
• Meet criteria for overt Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Multiple Systems Atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, or other neurodegenerative disorder, or other known cause of RBD (e.g., narcolepsy and drug induced RBD).
• Untreated sleep-disordered breathing
• Pregnant women